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Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

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Class 12 Biology Chapter 9
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Important Questions

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Immerse yourself in the pivotal realm of biotechnology with Chapter 9 on Biotechnology: Principles and Processes for Class 12 Biology. These essential questions have been meticulously curated to guide students in their preparation for the CBSE Class 12 Biology Examination 2024–25. Covering critical aspects of the chapter, these questions not only reinforce understanding but also cultivate problem-solving skills. Embark on a journey through the intricate principles and processes of biotechnology, ensuring a comprehensive grasp of this dynamic field.

Introduction

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes, a cornerstone of Class 12 Biology, delves into the fascinating world where biology meets technology. This chapter explores the fundamental principles and methodologies that underpin biotechnological applications, unlocking doors to advancements in medicine, agriculture, and beyond. From recombinant DNA technology to genetic engineering, students will unravel the intricacies of manipulating biological systems for the betterment of society. As we delve into this comprehensive exploration, the focus will be on the important questions of biotechnology principles and processes class 12 that equip students with the knowledge to navigate the dynamic landscape of biotechnology.

What is Biotechnology: Principles and Processes?

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes represents the marriage of biology and technology to harness the potential of living organisms for practical applications. This chapter in Class 12 Biology investigates the foundational principles and methodologies that enable the manipulation of biological systems at the molecular level. From the isolation of DNA to the creation of genetically modified organisms, biotechnology plays a pivotal role in fields such as medicine, agriculture, and industry. The study of Biotechnology: Principles and Processes unveils the scientific techniques driving innovation and progress in this cutting-edge discipline.

Class 12 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Important Questions and Answers

Q1. Which enzyme is used to cut DNA at specific sequences during recombinant DNA technology?
Options
(a) DNA ligase
(b) DNA polymerase
(c) Restriction endonuclease
(d) Reverse transcriptase

Ans. (c) Restriction endonuclease
Explanation:
Restriction endonucleases are enzymes used in recombinant DNA technology to cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites. This capability is crucial in recombinant DNA technology, as it allows scientists to splice DNA from different organisms together, facilitating the creation of recombinant DNA. By using these enzymes, researchers can manipulate genetic material for various applications, including cloning, gene therapy, and the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

Q2. What is the role of ligase in recombinant DNA technology?
Options
(a) It cuts DNA at specific sites.
(b) It joins two DNA fragments.
(c) It synthesises new DNA strands.
(d) It transcribes DNA into RNA.

Ans. (b) It joins two DNA fragments.

Explanation:
DNA ligase is an enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalysing the formation of a phosphodiester bond. It is crucial in recombinant DNA technology as it is used to join the DNA fragment of interest to the vector DNA, forming recombinant DNA.

Q3. What is a vector in genetic engineering?

Explanation:
In genetic engineering, a vector is a DNA molecule that serves as a vehicle to carry foreign genetic material into a host cell. Vectors are essential for introducing new genes into cells for cloning, expression, or gene therapy. A good vector can replicate independently within the host and typically includes features such as:

  1. Origin of Replication: Allows the vector to replicate within the host.
  2. Selectable Marker: Enables the identification of successfully transformed cells (e.g., antibiotic resistance genes).
  3. Restriction Sites: Allow for the insertion of foreign DNA at specific locations.
  4. Promoter Regions: Facilitate the expression of the inserted gene.

Common examples of vectors include plasmids, bacteriophages, and artificial chromosomes. These tools are crucial for various applications in biotechnology, including genetic research, medicine, and agriculture.

Q4. Explain the term 'bioreactor' in the context of biotechnology.

Explanation:
A bioreactor is a vessel or container in which biological reactions are carried out, especially for the purpose of biotechnology. It provides the optimal environment (like temperature, pH, oxygen, and nutrients) for the growth and metabolism of microorganisms or cells. Bioreactors are used for the production of pharmaceuticals, antibodies, or recombinant proteins, and in the fermentation process for making beer and yoghurt.

Q5. Describe the process of cloning a gene into a plasmid vector.

Explanation:
Cloning a gene into a plasmid vector is a fundamental process in biotechnology and involves several steps:

  • Isolation of the Gene of Interest: The first step is to isolate the gene that needs to be cloned.
  • Vector Preparation: A plasmid vector is isolated and cut using the same restriction endonuclease that was used to cut the gene of interest. This creates complementary 'sticky ends' in both the gene and the plasmid.
  • Ligation: The gene of interest and the plasmid are mixed together, and DNA ligase is added. This enzyme joins the DNA fragments by forming phosphodiester bonds between the 'sticky ends', creating recombinant DNA.
  • Transformation: The recombinant DNA is introduced into a host cell, often a bacterium, in a process known as transformation. This can be done using various methods such as heat shock or electroporation.
  • Selection and Screening: Cells that have successfully taken up the recombinant DNA are selected using selectable markers (like antibiotic resistance genes). Screening methods are then used to identify the cells that have the gene of interest.
  • Expression and Cloning: The host cells with the recombinant DNA multiply, creating multiple copies of the gene of interest. The gene can then be expressed, if desired, to produce the protein it encodes.

This process is central to many applications in biotechnology, including the production of insulin, vaccines, and genetically modified organisms. It allows for the specific manipulation and study of genes in a controlled and predictable manner.

CBSE Class 12 Biology Chapter wise Important Questions

Conclusion

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes unravels the intricate mechanisms at the intersection of biology and technology, offering a comprehensive exploration of genetic engineering and molecular manipulation. As students navigate this dynamic field, critical questions and answers provide a roadmap for understanding the principles and processes driving biotechnological advancements. Platforms like Oswal.io extend valuable resources, including important questions of biotechnology principles and processes class 12 ensuring students are well-equipped to embrace the challenges and opportunities presented by the evolving landscape of biotechnology.

Frequently Asked Questions

Ans: Recombinant DNA technology is used to insert the human insulin gene into a host organism, such as bacteria. The host organism then produces insulin, which can be harvested and used for medical purposes, providing a sustainable and efficient source of insulin.
Ans: Restriction enzymes are crucial in genetic engineering as they cut DNA at specific sites, enabling the precise manipulation of genetic material. In the creation of genetically modified organisms, these enzymes are used to insert or remove specific genes, allowing for the development of organisms with desired traits.
Ans: PCR is utilised in DNA sequencing to amplify specific DNA sequences, ensuring that there is enough material for sequencing. By repeatedly amplifying the target DNA, PCR facilitates the production of sufficient quantities of DNA for accurate and efficient sequencing.
Ans: Ethical concerns regarding genetically modified organisms include the potential environmental impact, unintended consequences of releasing modified organisms into the wild, and the ethical implications of modifying organisms for human enhancement. Striking a balance between scientific progress and ethical considerations is essential in the responsible application of biotechnological principles.
Ans: Biotechnology contributes to sustainable agriculture through the development of genetically modified crops with enhanced resistance to pests, diseases, and environmental stress. This can lead to increased crop yields, reduced need for chemical inputs, and improved agricultural practices, promoting sustainability in food production.
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